Location: It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean near the centre of the water hemisphere.
Year that country joined the UN: New Zealand is a founding member of the United Nations. It joined the United Nations in 1945.
People:
People from New Zealand are called New Zealanders or Kiwis. They are called Kiwis beacuse of the Kiwi, a flightless bird, which is native to, and the national symbol of New Zealand.
The official language of New Zealand is English but other languages are spoken like Mäori or New Zealand Sign Language.
The most prominent differences between the New Zealand English dialect and other English dialects are the shifts in the short front vowels: the short-"i" sound has centralised towards the schwa sound; the short-"e" sound has moved towards the short-"i" sound; and the short-"a" sound has moved to the short-"e" sound.
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in people whose religion is non-Christian. As more migrants choose to make New Zealand home, the landscape of religion is changing. Hindu, Buddhist, Islam and Spiritualism make up the most significant minority religions. Approximately one third of the population indicate they don’t have a religion.
Flag:
The New Zealand flag is the symbol of the realm, government and people of New Zealand. Its royal blue background is derived from the ensign of the Blue Squadron of the Royal Navy. The stars of the Southern Cross emphasise this country's location in the South Pacific Ocean. The Union Jack in the first quarter recognises New Zealand's historical origins as a British colony and dominion.
Government:
New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy, although its constitution is not codified.
The Queen of New Zealand is Elizabeth II. The Queen is represented by the Governor-General (Jerry Mateparae), whom she appoints on the advice of the Prime Minister (John Key).
The Government is formed from a democratically elected House of Representatives. The Government advises the Sovereign. By convention, the Sovereign, the source of all executive legal authority in New Zealand, acts on the advice of the Government in all but the most exceptional circumstances. This system is known as a constitutional monarchy. The system is based on the principle that power is distributed across three branches of government — Parliament, the Executive, and the Judiciary. Parliament makes the law. The Executive (Ministers of the Crown also known as the Government) administers the law. The Judiciary interprets the law through the courts.
The main political parties of New Zealand are:
National Party: It is the largest partner in the National-led Government. It has 59 members of Parliament.
Labour Party: It has 32 members of Parliament. The party is in opposition.
Green Party: It is an opposition party.The Green Party has 14 members of Parliament all elected from the party list.
NZ First: It has 12 members of Parliament, 11 elected from the party list and one general electorate seat.
Mäori Party: It has two members of Parliament. It has a relationship accord and confidence and supply arrangement with the National-led government.
ACT New Zealand: It has one member of Parliament. It has a confidence and supply agreement with the National-led government.
United Future: It has one member of Parliament. It has a confidence and supply arrangement with the National-led government.
The Colony of New Zealand was a British colony that existed in New Zealand from 1841 to 1907. Originally a Crown colony under a governor appointed by the United Kingdom, the colony became self-governing from 1853. In 1907, the colony became the Dominon of New Zealand.
Population:
Now a days New Zealand has 4,596,700 inhabitants.
Now a days New Zealand has a population density of 17 people per square kilometre. Birth rate in New Zealand is of 2.1 per woman. New Zealand’s fertility rates have been falling over the long-term. The upswing in births in 2007–09 probably reflects changes in the timing of births rather than a profound shift to larger family sizes. Women born in the 1930s averaged 3.5 births each during their lifetime; women born in the early 1950s about 2.5 births each; women born in the early 1960s about 2.3 births each; and women born in the early 1970s will average about 2.2 births each. Similarly, one in twelve women born in the 1930s remained childless, compared with one in nine women born in the early 1950s, and one in seven women born in the early 1960s. The drivers for these trends are complex, but include increasing participation of women in tertiary education and the workforce.
New Zealand has a Death rate of 6.6 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants.
The main causes of death in New Zealand are:
Males
Females
Mäori
Ischaemic heart disease
Lung cancer
Lung cancer
Ischaemic heart disease
Suicide
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Diabetes
Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
Motor vehicle accidents
Diabetes
Non-Mäori
Ischaemic heart disease
Ischaemic heart disease
Suicide
Breast cancer
Lung cancer
Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
Lung cancer
Motor vehicle accidents
Colorectal cancer
In the last century, New Zealand went through a ‘demographic transition’ from high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality. This means that people are having fewer babies and living longer. Since 1977, New Zealand’s total fertility rate has been in the range 1.9–2.2 births per woman. A rate below 2.1 signifies ‘sub-replacement fertility’, meaning that the population will not replace itself in the long run, unless offset by migration.
New Zealand´s net migration balance was negative in 2012. New Zealand had 1,200 more departures than arrivals in 2012, although in most years we have more arrivals than departures.
Migrations:
Now a days there are 302,400 inmigrants in New Zealand.
Country
Long Term Gain 2015
India
12,600
China
8,200
Philippines
4,500
United Kingdom
4,000
Germany
2,800
People migrate to New Zealand because: Compared to the UK, with a top rate of tax of 60%, New Zealand has one of the lowest personal tax rates in the world. Average income earners, which account for 70% of tax-payers enjoy a top tax rate of just 17.5%. GST is set to be 15%, compared to a new 20% VAT rate in the UK. New Zealand has no capital gains tax and no inheritance tax. Much of New Zealand enjoys a largely sub-tropical climate. Being 10% larger than the UK, but with only 4.2 million people, New Zealand has plenty of space, making land much cheaper. It is estimated that 25% of people living in Auckland - the 'City of Sails' - own a boat. New Zealand's recession was not as severe as that in the UK and is recovering well with demand for skilled labour still fairly buoyant. New Zealand is a perfect country for children to grow up in, where they can choose from a multitude of sporting activities: kayaking, hiking, skiing, bungy jumping, white water rafting, swimming, surfing, fishing and camping, to name but a few. The standard of living is comparable to the UK, but many things cost less such as petrol, which costs half that in the UK. Eating out is also much cheaper.
rips by New Zealand residents in the January 2015 year (2.28 million) were up 4 percent from the January 2014 year (2.20 million). Around half of all trips by New Zealand residents in the January 2015 year were to Australia (1.09 million). The next most-visited destinations were the United States (166,500), Fiji (131,500), the United Kingdom (102,000), the Cook Islands (76,500), and China (75,800). People is emigrating from New Zealand because it´s difficult to get a job. The average wage is low, cost of living highand kiwis are over taxed. The country has been mis-managed for some years with very little to show for it. It´s also become increasingly more violent. I would advise anyone thinking about returning to do their homework seriously. There are not many opportunities and it can be very closed shop, insular and nepotistic so if you’ve been away for a while it’s tough. The safe thing to do would be line up a job before making any move.
Immigration has been a significant driver of population change in New Zealand since the mid-19th century, and in the early years of the 21st century net migration gains (the balance of arrivals over departures) are at the highest levels ever recorded. At the time of the Census of Population and Dwellings in March 2001, just under 20 percent of New Zealand's residents recorded a birthplace overseas. This is one of the highest proportions of overseas born in the population of any country in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) — behind Australia's 24 percent but ahead of Canada's 17 percent and the United States' 10 percent.
Geography:
New Zealand is located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean near the centre of the water hemisphere.
New Zealand maritime boundaries are: Australia, Fiji, Tonga and Norfolk Island.
You'll find a variety of awesome landscapes and geographical features throughout New Zealand, all within easy reach of each other. Spectacular glaciers, picturesque fiords, rugged mountains, vast plains, rolling hillsides, subtropical forest, volcanic plateau, miles of coastline with gorgeous sandy beaches. No wonder New Zealand is becoming so popular as a location for movies.
The climate of New Zealand is mostly cool temperature to warm temperature with a strong maritime influence. However, due to its highly varied topography, microclimates can be found across the country. The main factors are similar to those found in the British Islands owing to the Pacific Ocean and latitude, although the mountain ranges can cause significant climate variations in locations barely tens of kilometres from each other.
Economy:
The most common sector of employment in New Zealand is the Primary Sector.
New Zealand unemployment rate edged up to 6 percent in the three months to September, from 5.9 percent in the previous period. It was the highest rate since the first quarter of 2014, as the number of unemployed went up by 2 percent while employment declined for the first time in three years by 0.4 percent.
Primary industries’ total contribution to GDP decreased from 12 percent in 1972 to 8 percent in 2009. Primary industries include agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining.
Forty years ago, manufacturing made up 26 percent of GDP. In 2009, this industry made up 13 percent of GDP.
Finance, insurance, and business services’ contribution to GDP has risen the most, moving from 15 percent in 1972 to 29 percent in 2009.
Despite abundant natural resources and a relatively small population, New Zealand is a net importer of energy, in the form of petroleum products. The ratio of non-renewable and renewable energy sources was fairly consistent from 1975 to 2008, with about 70 per cent of primary energy supply coming from hydrocarbon fuels. This ratio decreased to about 60 per cent in 2014. The proportion of non-renewable energy varies annually, depending on water flows into hydro-electricity lakes and demand for energy. In 2014, approximately 60% of primary energy was from non-renewable hydrocarbon fuels and 40% was from renewable sources. In 2007 energy consumption per capita was 120 gigajoules. Per capita energy consumption had increased 8 per cent since 1998. New Zealand uses more energy per capita than 17 of 30 OECD countries. New Zealand is one of 13 OECD countries that does not operate nuclear power stations. From 1994 to 2014, the energy intensity of the economy per unit of GDP declined by 24 per cent to 2.67 MJ/$. A contributing factor is the growth of relatively less energy-intensive service industries.
NZ consumer energy by fuel 2014 (PJ)
Coal
Oil
Gas
Renewables
Electricity
Total
27.1
254.1
84.9
95.6
141.1
602.8
International comparisons
International consumption of energy
(calendar year 2014)
Oil products
(tonnes per person)
Gas
(m³ per person)
Electricity
(kWh per person)
Mexico
0.60
634
2,496
Turkey
0.30
623
3,259
Portugal
0.60
393
4,974
UK
0.70
1,147
5,578
Germany
0.92
969
7,170
France
0.91
597
7,483
Japan
0.93
1,055
8,065
New Zealand
1.25
1,207
9,802
Australia
1.83
1,727
11,028
USA
1.93
2,384
13,734
Canada
1.86
3,065
17,026
Norway
1.58
1,200
24,621
Domestic Policy:
Much of the agenda was international rather than domestic. This was most obvious in the area of climate change. New Zealand shares the international policy issue of identifying a suitable response to a risk assessment and choice of appropriate insurance policy, but there was also much emotional nonsense. The decline of conventional religion has arguably created a vacuum for alternative end-of-the-world scenarios, and climate change has risen to prominence in the sequence of the self-destruction of capitalism, nuclear disaster, resource exhaustion, nuclear winter, and environmental disaster.
Primary health care in New Zealand has been funded by a partial fee-for-service payment from the state for consultations and pharmaceuticals, supplemented by substantial co-payments from patients. Despite some targeting according to income and high need, there have been inequalities in access, with poorer people and Māori often using services at rates less than might be expected given their high levels of need. New policies are directed towards changing both the funding and organisational arrangements through which primary health care is delivered. New primary health organisations will be formed by provider groups, including general practitioners, and will have high levels of community governance. The new organisations will be funded through capitation, with funding levels dependent on the level of deprivation of the area within which individuals reside. The problems of funding on this basis are discussed. The paper concludes that this fundamental shift in strategy has the potential to improve access, but that the risks inherent in the new systems will require careful monitoring.
Children can take part in early childhood education (ECE) from birth to school entry age. ECE is not compulsory but around 95% of children go to an ECE service. All ECE services in New Zealand plan learning using the national curriculum Te Whäriki. Between the ages of 3 and 5, a child can go to an ECE service for 20 hours a week for free. This funding is called 20 hours ECE.
Taxes in New Zealand are collected at a national level by the Inland Revenue Department (IRD) on behalf of the Government of New Zealand. National taxes are levied on personal and business income, and on the supply of goods and services. There is no capital gains tax, although certain "gains" such as profits on the sale of patent rights are deemed to be income – income tax does apply to property transactions in certain circumstances, particularly speculation. Local property taxes are managed and collected by local authorities. Some goods and services carry a specific tax, referred to as an excise or a duty, such as alcohol excise or gaming duty. These are collected by a range of government agencies such as the New Zealand Customs Service. There is no social security tax or land tax in New Zealand.
2014 - 2015
Income
Tax rate
$0 – $14,000
10.5%
$14,001 – $48,000
17.5%
$48,001 – $70,000
30%
Over $70,000
33%
No-notification rate
45%
New Zealand recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 30.43 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2014. Government Debt to GDP in New Zealand averaged 34.58 percent from 1985 until 2014, reaching an all time high of 61.02 percent in 1986 and a record low of 14.55 percent in 2007. Government Debt to GDP in New Zealand is reported by the New Zealand Treasury.
Foreign Policy:
All New Zealand's important relationships are in good repair....With the United States there are hopes of a major breakthrough in terms of trade relations. Sino - New Zealand relations are also subdued, but trade is burgeoning. Japan's decision to join the Trans-Pacific Partnership is a welcome change and New Zealand continues to pursue a free trade agreement with South Korea. The government is pressing ahead with plans to strengthen relations in a number of other areas, including Russia, South Asia, Latin America, the Persian Gulf and especially the South Pacific. It is also alive to the potential benefits of closer ties with countries on the African continent.
The various conflicts of the New Zealand wars span a considerable period, and the causes and outcomes differ widely. The earliest conflicts in the 1840s happened at a time when Māori were still the predominant power, but by the 1860s settler numbers and resources were much greater. From about 1862 British troops began arriving in much greater number, summoned by Governor George Grey for his Waikato invasion, and in March 1864 total troop numbers peaked at about 14,000—9000 Imperial troops, more than 4000 colonial and a few hundred küpapa. The main conflicts that have affected New Zealand are:
The Wairau Affray, The Northern War, Hutt Valley and Wanganui campaigns, The First Taranaki War, Invasion of Waikato, The Second Taranaki War, East Cape War, Titokowaru's War, Te Kooti's War.
New Zealand is engaged in armed conflict in Afghanistan as part of a UN-authorised, NATO-led mission, the International Security Assistance Force – ISAF. As of June 2012 it contributed 153 troops to ISAF. ISAF, which aims to assist the Afghan Transitional Authority in creating and maintaining a safe and secure environment in Kabul and its surrounding area, was created in December 2001, authorised by UN Security Council Resolution 1386 and successive resolutions.
Official country name: New Zealand
Location: It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean near the centre of the water hemisphere.
Year that country joined the UN: New Zealand is a founding member of the United Nations. It joined the United Nations in 1945.
People:
People from New Zealand are called New Zealanders or Kiwis. They are called Kiwis beacuse of the Kiwi, a flightless bird, which is native to, and the national symbol of New Zealand.
The official language of New Zealand is English but other languages are spoken like Mäori or New Zealand Sign Language.
The most prominent differences between the New Zealand English dialect and other English dialects are the shifts in the short front vowels: the short-"i" sound has centralised towards the schwa sound; the short-"e" sound has moved towards the short-"i" sound; and the short-"a" sound has moved to the short-"e" sound.
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in people whose religion is non-Christian. As more migrants choose to make New Zealand home, the landscape of religion is changing.
Hindu, Buddhist, Islam and Spiritualism make up the most significant minority religions.
Approximately one third of the population indicate they don’t have a religion.
Flag:
The New Zealand flag is the symbol of the realm, government and people of New Zealand. Its royal blue background is derived from the ensign of the Blue Squadron of the Royal Navy. The stars of the Southern Cross emphasise this country's location in the South Pacific Ocean. The Union Jack in the first quarter recognises New Zealand's historical origins as a British colony and dominion.
Government:
New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy, although its constitution is not codified.
The Queen of New Zealand is Elizabeth II. The Queen is represented by the Governor-General (Jerry Mateparae), whom she appoints on the advice of the Prime Minister (John Key).
The Government is formed from a democratically elected House of Representatives. The Government advises the Sovereign. By convention, the Sovereign, the source of all executive legal authority in New Zealand, acts on the advice of the Government in all but the most exceptional circumstances. This system is known as a constitutional monarchy.
The system is based on the principle that power is distributed across three branches of government — Parliament, the Executive, and the Judiciary. Parliament makes the law. The Executive (Ministers of the Crown also known as the Government) administers the law. The Judiciary interprets the law through the courts.
The main political parties of New Zealand are:
National Party: It is the largest partner in the National-led Government. It has 59 members of Parliament.
Labour Party: It has 32 members of Parliament. The party is in opposition.
Green Party: It is an opposition party.The Green Party has 14 members of Parliament all elected from the party list.
NZ First: It has 12 members of Parliament, 11 elected from the party list and one general electorate seat.
Mäori Party: It has two members of Parliament. It has a relationship accord and confidence and supply arrangement with the National-led government.
ACT New Zealand: It has one member of Parliament. It has a confidence and supply agreement with the National-led government.
United Future: It has one member of Parliament. It has a confidence and supply arrangement with the National-led government.
The Colony of New Zealand was a British colony that existed in New Zealand from 1841 to 1907. Originally a Crown colony under a governor appointed by the United Kingdom, the colony became self-governing from 1853. In 1907, the colony became the Dominon of New Zealand.
Population:
Now a days New Zealand has 4,596,700 inhabitants.
Now a days New Zealand has a population density of 17 people per square kilometre.
Birth rate in New Zealand is of 2.1 per woman.
New Zealand’s fertility rates have been falling over the long-term. The upswing in births in 2007–09 probably reflects changes in the timing of births rather than a profound shift to larger family sizes. Women born in the 1930s averaged 3.5 births each during their lifetime; women born in the early 1950s about 2.5 births each; women born in the early 1960s about 2.3 births each; and women born in the early 1970s will average about 2.2 births each. Similarly, one in twelve women born in the 1930s remained childless, compared with one in nine women born in the early 1950s, and one in seven women born in the early 1960s. The drivers for these trends are complex, but include increasing participation of women in tertiary education and the workforce.
New Zealand has a Death rate of 6.6 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants.
The main causes of death in New Zealand are:
In the last century, New Zealand went through a ‘demographic transition’ from high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality. This means that people are having fewer babies and living longer. Since 1977, New Zealand’s total fertility rate has been in the range 1.9–2.2 births per woman. A rate below 2.1 signifies ‘sub-replacement fertility’, meaning that the population will not replace itself in the long run, unless offset by migration.
New Zealand´s net migration balance was negative in 2012. New Zealand had 1,200 more departures than arrivals in 2012, although in most years we have more arrivals than departures.
Migrations:
Now a days there are 302,400 inmigrants in New Zealand.
People migrate to New Zealand because:
Compared to the UK, with a top rate of tax of 60%, New Zealand has one of the lowest personal tax rates in the world. Average income earners, which account for 70% of tax-payers enjoy a top tax rate of just 17.5%.
GST is set to be 15%, compared to a new 20% VAT rate in the UK. New Zealand has no capital gains tax and no inheritance tax.
Much of New Zealand enjoys a largely sub-tropical climate. Being 10% larger than the UK, but with only 4.2 million people, New Zealand has plenty of space, making land much cheaper.
It is estimated that 25% of people living in Auckland - the 'City of Sails' - own a boat.
New Zealand's recession was not as severe as that in the UK and is recovering well with demand for skilled labour still fairly buoyant.
New Zealand is a perfect country for children to grow up in, where they can choose from a multitude of sporting activities: kayaking, hiking, skiing, bungy jumping, white water rafting, swimming, surfing, fishing and camping, to name but a few.
The standard of living is comparable to the UK, but many things cost less such as petrol, which costs half that in the UK. Eating out is also much cheaper.
rips by New Zealand residents in the January 2015 year (2.28 million) were up 4 percent from the January 2014 year (2.20 million).
Around half of all trips by New Zealand residents in the January 2015 year were to Australia (1.09 million). The next most-visited destinations were the United States (166,500), Fiji (131,500), the United Kingdom (102,000), the Cook Islands (76,500), and China (75,800).
People is emigrating from New Zealand because it´s difficult to get a job. The average wage is low, cost of living highand kiwis are over taxed. The country has been mis-managed for some years with very little to show for it. It´s also become increasingly more violent. I would advise anyone thinking about returning to do their homework seriously. There are not many opportunities and it can be very closed shop, insular and nepotistic so if you’ve been away for a while it’s tough. The safe thing to do would be line up a job before making any move.
Immigration has been a significant driver of population change in New Zealand since the mid-19th century, and in the early years of the 21st century net migration gains (the balance of arrivals over departures) are at the highest levels ever recorded. At the time of the Census of Population and Dwellings in March 2001, just under 20 percent of New Zealand's residents recorded a birthplace overseas. This is one of the highest proportions of overseas born in the population of any country in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) — behind Australia's 24 percent but ahead of Canada's 17 percent and the United States' 10 percent.
Geography:
New Zealand is located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean near the centre of the water hemisphere.
New Zealand maritime boundaries are: Australia, Fiji, Tonga and Norfolk Island.
You'll find a variety of awesome landscapes and geographical features throughout New Zealand, all within easy reach of each other. Spectacular glaciers, picturesque fiords, rugged mountains, vast plains, rolling hillsides, subtropical forest, volcanic plateau, miles of coastline with gorgeous sandy beaches. No wonder New Zealand is becoming so popular as a location for movies.
The climate of New Zealand is mostly cool temperature to warm temperature with a strong maritime influence. However, due to its highly varied topography, microclimates can be found across the country. The main factors are similar to those found in the British Islands owing to the Pacific Ocean and latitude, although the mountain ranges can cause significant climate variations in locations barely tens of kilometres from each other.
Economy:
The most common sector of employment in New Zealand is the Primary Sector.
New Zealand unemployment rate edged up to 6 percent in the three months to September, from 5.9 percent in the previous period. It was the highest rate since the first quarter of 2014, as the number of unemployed went up by 2 percent while employment declined for the first time in three years by 0.4 percent.
Primary industries’ total contribution to GDP decreased from 12 percent in 1972 to 8 percent in 2009. Primary industries include agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining.
Forty years ago, manufacturing made up 26 percent of GDP. In 2009, this industry made up 13 percent of GDP.
Finance, insurance, and business services’ contribution to GDP has risen the most, moving from 15 percent in 1972 to 29 percent in 2009.
Despite abundant natural resources and a relatively small population, New Zealand is a net importer of energy, in the form of petroleum products. The ratio of non-renewable and renewable energy sources was fairly consistent from 1975 to 2008, with about 70 per cent of primary energy supply coming from hydrocarbon fuels. This ratio decreased to about 60 per cent in 2014. The proportion of non-renewable energy varies annually, depending on water flows into hydro-electricity lakes and demand for energy. In 2014, approximately 60% of primary energy was from non-renewable hydrocarbon fuels and 40% was from renewable sources. In 2007 energy consumption per capita was 120 gigajoules. Per capita energy consumption had increased 8 per cent since 1998. New Zealand uses more energy per capita than 17 of 30 OECD countries. New Zealand is one of 13 OECD countries that does not operate nuclear power stations.
From 1994 to 2014, the energy intensity of the economy per unit of GDP declined by 24 per cent to 2.67 MJ/$. A contributing factor is the growth of relatively less energy-intensive service industries.
NZ consumer energy by fuel 2014 (PJ)
International comparisons
(calendar year 2014)
(tonnes per person)
(m³ per person)
(kWh per person)
Domestic Policy:
Much of the agenda was international rather than domestic. This was most obvious in the area of climate change. New Zealand shares the international policy issue of identifying a suitable response to a risk assessment and choice of appropriate insurance policy, but there was also much emotional nonsense. The decline of conventional religion has arguably created a vacuum for alternative end-of-the-world scenarios, and climate change has risen to prominence in the sequence of the self-destruction of capitalism, nuclear disaster, resource exhaustion, nuclear winter, and environmental disaster.
Primary health care in New Zealand has been funded by a partial fee-for-service payment from the state for consultations and pharmaceuticals, supplemented by substantial co-payments from patients. Despite some targeting according to income and high need, there have been inequalities in access, with poorer people and Māori often using services at rates less than might be expected given their high levels of need. New policies are directed towards changing both the funding and organisational arrangements through which primary health care is delivered. New primary health organisations will be formed by provider groups, including general practitioners, and will have high levels of community governance. The new organisations will be funded through capitation, with funding levels dependent on the level of deprivation of the area within which individuals reside. The problems of funding on this basis are discussed. The paper concludes that this fundamental shift in strategy has the potential to improve access, but that the risks inherent in the new systems will require careful monitoring.
Children can take part in early childhood education (ECE) from birth to school entry age. ECE is not compulsory but around 95% of children go to an ECE service. All ECE services in New Zealand plan learning using the national curriculum Te Whäriki.
Between the ages of 3 and 5, a child can go to an ECE service for 20 hours a week for free. This funding is called 20 hours ECE.
Taxes in New Zealand are collected at a national level by the Inland Revenue Department (IRD) on behalf of the Government of New Zealand. National taxes are levied on personal and business income, and on the supply of goods and services. There is no capital gains tax, although certain "gains" such as profits on the sale of patent rights are deemed to be income – income tax does apply to property transactions in certain circumstances, particularly speculation. Local property taxes are managed and collected by local authorities. Some goods and services carry a specific tax, referred to as an excise or a duty, such as alcohol excise or gaming duty. These are collected by a range of government agencies such as the New Zealand Customs Service. There is no social security tax or land tax in New Zealand.
2014 - 2015
New Zealand recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 30.43 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2014. Government Debt to GDP in New Zealand averaged 34.58 percent from 1985 until 2014, reaching an all time high of 61.02 percent in 1986 and a record low of 14.55 percent in 2007. Government Debt to GDP in New Zealand is reported by the New Zealand Treasury.
Foreign Policy:
All New Zealand's important relationships are in good repair....With the United States there are hopes of a major breakthrough in terms of trade relations. Sino - New Zealand relations are also subdued, but trade is burgeoning. Japan's decision to join the Trans-Pacific Partnership is a welcome change and New Zealand continues to pursue a free trade agreement with South Korea. The government is pressing ahead with plans to strengthen relations in a number of other areas, including Russia, South Asia, Latin America, the Persian Gulf and especially the South Pacific. It is also alive to the potential benefits of closer ties with countries on the African continent.
The various conflicts of the New Zealand wars span a considerable period, and the causes and outcomes differ widely. The earliest conflicts in the 1840s happened at a time when Māori were still the predominant power, but by the 1860s settler numbers and resources were much greater. From about 1862 British troops began arriving in much greater number, summoned by Governor George Grey for his Waikato invasion, and in March 1864 total troop numbers peaked at about 14,000—9000 Imperial troops, more than 4000 colonial and a few hundred küpapa.
The main conflicts that have affected New Zealand are:
The Wairau Affray, The Northern War, Hutt Valley and Wanganui campaigns, The First Taranaki War, Invasion of Waikato, The Second Taranaki War, East Cape War, Titokowaru's War, Te Kooti's War.
New Zealand is engaged in armed conflict in Afghanistan as part of a UN-authorised, NATO-led mission, the International Security Assistance Force – ISAF.
As of June 2012 it contributed 153 troops to ISAF.
ISAF, which aims to assist the Afghan Transitional Authority in creating and maintaining a safe and secure environment in Kabul and its surrounding area, was created in December 2001, authorised by UN Security Council Resolution 1386 and successive resolutions.
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